Comprehensive School and Workplace Safety, LLC - Gang Interventions

An Educator's Guide to Gangs

Wed, 06 Dec 2006 07:18:11 -0800

GANG DEFINITIONS & UNIFORM REPORTING

There are many different gang definitions among jurisdictions at the state and local levels. Lacking a standardized definition makes it difficult to have a common discussion on gang issues and contributes to the complexity of quantifying the nature and extent of the gang problem. NAGIA (National Alliance of Gang Investigators Association) recommends the following definition of the term “gang”:

· A group or association of three or more persons who may have a common identifying sign, symbol, or name and who individually or collectively engage in, or have engaged in, criminal activity which creates an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. Criminal activity includes juvenile acts that, if committed by an adult, would be a crime.

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) also provides the following gang definition:

· A group is considered a gang if it has a formal organizational structure, identifiable leadership, identifiable territory, and recurrent interaction, and is engaged in serious or violent criminal behavior.

· An ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons whose primary activities include the commission of one or more serious or violent criminal acts; that has a common name or identifying sign or symbol and “whose members individually or collectively…have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity.”

Washington State Legislature in RCW 28.A.600.455 defines “gang” as:

· A group which: (a) consists of three or more persons; (b) has identifiable leadership; and (c) on an ongoing basis, regularly conspires and acts in concert mainly for criminal purposes.

The standardization of gang definitions may help alleviate another problem, which is the lack of uniform reporting of gang related crimes and activities. Most local and state police departments base their crime statistics on the dispatch calls for service; dispatch codes do not include references to activities/possible crimes as gang related. Similarly no accurate statistics are kept on gang related criminal activity for most police departments. The FBI’s full implementation of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which collects information reported through the Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs), could also help in this endeavor and make it possible for more accurate reporting of gang activity and related crimes.

Signs That There May Be Gang Activity in a School:

- An increase in graffiti.

- Groups of students using unfamiliar nicknames and/or vocabulary.

- An increase in weapons incidents or incidents of intimidation.

- Groups of students who have similar tattoos or insignia drawn on their books or other possessions.

- Groups of students who greet each other in uniform but unusual ways.

- Groups of students wearing similar types of clothing or colors.

Elements of Effective Gang Suppression Initiatives in Schools

Source: Gang Suppression and Intervention: Community Models. U. S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

- Develop a school gang code with guidelines setting down for teachers and staff an appropriate response to different kinds of gang behavior, including a mechanism for dealing with serious gang delinquency.

- Apply the rules and regulations within a context of positive relationships and open staff communication with parents, community agencies and students.

- Make a clear distinction between gang and nongang-related activity to avoid exaggerating the scope of the problem.

- Assess openly the extent and seriousness of gang problems and reach a consensus among the school, staff, parents, community and justice system about the nature and scope of those problems.

- Form a school-community council to focus on the problem. Include parents, agencies, grassroots groups and juvenile justice authorities.

- Create a pattern of learning opportunities, coordinated security and services aimed at gang members and youth prone to gangs.

- Target hard-core gang members and youth less involved in gangs for special remedial education, support services and supervision.

- Offer basic academic and work-related, problem-solving tools, and introduce gang-prone youth early to the world of work, education and community responsibility. Link job apprenticeships and remedial education to career development.

- Encourage teachers and other staff to develop positive, personalized relationships with gang members. It can serve to reduce violent and disruptive acts.

- Involve parents of gang and non-gang youth with meetings and street patrols, or by monitoring student activities, assisting teachers with activities, and helping with parent gang education programs.

A Parents Guide to Gangs

Tue, 05 Dec 2006 11:07:40 -0800

A PARENTS GUIDE TO GANGS

You’ve probably heard about the dangers of gang violence. Adolescents may be tempted to join a gang when parents are too busy to give their children the attention and positive reinforcement they need. Children might meet a “cool” group of friends who offer them everything they seem to be missing at home. For many youngsters, joining a gang is like joining a family. A gang offers them support, belonging, order, caring, and a sense of purpose.

There are things to do so that your children may be less likely to join a gang. You can make the difference in your child’s life. Be active and show them how much you love and appreciate them. It’s never too late to start!

Who are considered high risk for gang involvement?

- Youth living in areas of high gang activity.

- Youth from broken or single-parent homes.

- Youth from homes where they are left to fend for themselves most of the time.

- Youth who are looking for a sense of belonging, which they do not get at home.

- Youth with low self-esteem who are not given the proper praise for good accomplishments.

Warning signs of gang membership:

- Change in type of clothing selection, such as style, color, or type. Friends or associates dress similarly. Clothing may be altered with gang writing, such as hats, or T-shirts

- Withdrawing from the family; isn’t interested in extra curricular activities or family events; has problems at home

- Declining grades and poor school attendance

- Unexplained money or new possessions

- Tattoos that are affiliated with a gang or group

- Son or daughter receives calls from someone who refuses to identify themselves or identify themselves with a nickname only. They may also refer to your son or daughter by a nickname.

- Contacts with the police; negative contact with the police

- Writes the name of his or her gang in graffiti; increase in gang-type graffiti on schoolbooks, notebooks, or papers. This may also be found on bedroom walls or other locations in the room. They may also mark themselves in the form of graffiti or tattoos.

- Change in friends; does not bring friends to his/her home; has friends who are in gangs

- Change in attitude to include violent reactions, disruptive behavior, dislike, and refusal to submit to authority (parents, school, and police).

- Becomes secretive regarding whereabouts or activities; develops an unusual desire for privacy and secrecy and may completely rearrange living quarters to create more privacy

- Obsessed with gangster-influenced music, videos and movies to the point of imitation

- Uses hand signs while with friends and practices them at home;

- Possible use of alcohol and drugs with attitude change

- There is evidence or the appearance of physical injury (such as being beaten) and then child lies about the events surrounding the injury.

Keeping in mind the following attitudes listed above, the following may be [CLOTHING] indicators of gang membership:

- Wearing exclusively red, blue, or black clothing

- Wearing clothing that is altered by lettering or numbering indicating gang name, moniker or nickname, or other type of gang insignia

- Wearing hats that have been altered

- Wears excessive jewelry with distinctive designs and may wear it only on either the right or left side of the body

If you are uncertain about the clothes your child is wearing:

Clothing alone may not be an indicator of gang membership. Parents must look beyond the clothing and determine the attitude of why the clothing is being worn. Parents should ask themselves the following questions in regard to changes in attitude:

- If sports-type clothing is being worn, is the subject a true sports fan?

- Is he or she wearing only a certain type, style, or color of clothing?

- Are all his or her friends wearing the same exact style, type, or color of clothing?

- Are his or her friends obsessed with one particular color of clothing or shows a desire for a particular logo over and over?

Protecting Your Child From Gang Involvement

- Get to know your children’s friends, how they influence your kids, and what they do when they’re together. Get your children involved in supervised, positive group activities.

- Discourage your kids from hanging out with gangs.

- Spend your free time with your kids. Give your kids some one-on-one time, so that you can give them your undivided attention. Give them chores to do around the house, enroll them in after-school activities, sports, and community center or church programs. Plan activities for the entire family, such as trips to parks, libraries, museums, or the beach. Give your kids attention!

- Become involved in your children’s education; meet with the counselors and teachers; impress upon your children the importance of school and good grades.

- Develop good communication skills with your kids. Good communication is open, frequent, and positive. This will allow your kids to express themselves and confide in you.

- Find positive role models for them.

- Respect your children's feelings and attitudes; help them to develop a strong sense of self-esteem

- Keep your children from attracting the attention of gangs; don’t buy or let them wear clothing that resembles gang wear. They might attract attention from the wrong people.

- Set limits and rules for your kids. From an early age, let them know what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. Enforce a curfew. Don’t let them hang out until the wee hours of the night. Establish non-negotiable rules for your family regarding the use of alcohol, drugs, and gang membership

- Don’t let them write or draw graffiti like gang members.

- Learn about gangs and gang activity in your community. Get educated!

- If you're unsure or are in family crises, then seek help from a local agency.

Clearly and continually begin to express to your children at an early age your disapproval of gangs and gang-related activity i.e. advise your children they should not:

- Associate with gang members or "wannabe/gonnabe" gang members;

- Identify or communicate with gangs;

- Hang out near or where gangs congregate;

- Approach strangers in cars who appear to want information or directions;

- Wear gang-related clothing where gangs are known to gather or traverse;

- Wear initialed clothing such as BK - British Knights - a/k/a "Blood Killer" in high crime areas;

- Use words like "Crab" or "Slob" (localized lingo may develop) anywhere gangs may be; i.e., malls, sporting events, etc.;

- Attend any party or social event sponsored by gangs or their associates;

- Take part in any graffiti activity or hang around where graffiti is present; or

- Use any kind of finger or sign language in a public place.

Remember, just because someone is on the threshold of joining a gang, or is already in a gang, doesn’t mean that it is too late to establish positive alternatives!

RESOURCES

Gang Resistance and Education Training (G.R.E.A.T) http://www.great-online.org/

National Youth Gang Center http://www.iir.com/nygc/

Gang-Free Schools and communities Program http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/programs/ProgSummary.asp?pi=6

The Interagency Task Force On Gangs And Youth Violence: http://associations.smsu.edu/nogangs/

Protective Factors for Youth Gang Involvement

Tue, 05 Dec 2006 10:41:02 -0800

STRATEGIES FOR GANG INTERVENTIONS

Strategies for combating gang violence generally start with a twofold strategy.

· First, prioritize prevention programs to provide youth and offenders returning to the community with opportunities that help them resist gang involvement.

· Second, ensure robust enforcement policies when gang-related violence does occur.

Strategies which increase “Protective Factors” and therefore decrease students' feelings of powerlessness and/or low self-esteem, raises the probability that gangs will be less able to attract new members and retain old members.

Protective factors identified for reducing youth gang involvement are highlighted in the table below:

PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR YOUTH GANG INVOLVEMENT

COMMUNITY

FAMILY

SCHOOL

INDIVIDUAL / PEER

Opportunities for community involvement

Family attachment

Opportunities for school involvement

Religiosity

Rewards for community involvement

Opportunities for family involvement

Rewards for school involvement

Belief in the moral order

Feelings of safety

Rewards for family involvement

Healthy and caring relationship with at least one staff member

Social skills

Community’s opposition to gangs

Positive role model

Academic achievement

Peer attachment

Risk Factors for Youth Gang Membership

Tue, 05 Dec 2006 10:33:22 -0800

GANG JOINING DYNAMICS

In 1996 research, gang joining dynamics were described as consisting of both “pulls” and “pushes” for youth. Pulls pertain to the attractiveness of the gang. Some view gang membership as enhancing their prestige or status among friends, and joining a gang provides opportunities to be with them. Gangs provide other attractive opportunities such as excitement, selling drugs, and making money.

Social, economic and cultural forces push other adolescents in the direction of gangs. Protection from other gangs and general well being is a key factor. Some researchers contend that minority youths’ marginal feelings in multiple arenas of society give them a sense of identity and feeling of belonging. Some research suggests that many youth join gangs because they have been “injured” by social and family disorder, including abuse and neglect. For some youth, gangs provide a way of solving social adjustment problems, including the trials and tribulations of adolescence. School-based risk factors such as poor school performance and poor school attachment are primary factors for eventual gang involvement.

One manner of predicting youth who may become involved in gangs is to identify youth who display risk factors for future gang membership. The following table from the National Youth Gang Center, A Guide to Assessing Your Community’s Youth Gang Problem, summarizes risk factors for youth gang membership that have been identified in studies using many types of research methods, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and ethnographic (observational) studies. Because so many risk factors have been identified, it is difficult to determine priorities for gang prevention and intervention programs without an in-depth assessment of the crime problem that identifies the most prevalent risk factors.

RISK FACTORS FOR YOUTH GANG MEMBERSHIP

Community

- Social disorganization, including poverty and

residential mobility

- Underclass communities

- Presence of gangs in the neighborhood

- Availability of drugs in the neighborhood

- Availability of firearms

- Barriers to and lack of social and economic

opportunities

- Lack of social capital

- Cultural norms supporting gang behavior

- Feeling unsafe in the neighborhood; high crime

- Conflict with social control institutions

- Low neighborhood attachment

- Community disorganization

- Transitions and mobility

- Law and norms favorable to drug use

Family

- Family disorganization, including broken homes,

and parental drug/alcohol abuse

- Troubled families, including incest, family violence,

and drug addiction

- Family members in a gang

- Lack of adult male role models

- Lack of parental role models

- Low socioeconomic status

- Poor family supervision

- Sibling antisocial behavior

- Poor family discipline

- Family conflict

- Family history of antisocial behavior

- Parent attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior

- Parent attitudes favorable to drug use

- Extreme economic deprivation, family management

problems, parents with violent attitudes

School

- Poor academic achievement or failure

- Low educational aspirations, especially among

females

- Negative labeling by teachers

- Trouble at school

- Few teacher role models

- Educational frustration

- Low commitment to school, low school attachment,

high levels of antisocial behavior in school

- Low achievement test scores, and identification as

being learning disabled

Peer Group

- High commitment to delinquent peers

- Low commitment to positive peers

- Street socialization

- Gang members in class

- Friends who use drugs or who are gang members

- Friends who are drug distributors

- Interaction with delinquent peers

- Peer antisocial behavior

- Sensation seeking

- Peer rejection

Individual

- Prior delinquency

- Deviant attitudes

- Street smartness; toughness

- Defiant and individualistic character

- Fatalistic view of the world

- Aggression

- Proclivity of excitement and trouble

- Locura (acting in a daring, courageous, and

especially crazy fashion in the face of adversity)

- Higher levels of normlessness in the context of

family, peer group, and school

- Social disabilities

- Rebelliousness

- Early initiation of antisocial behavior

- Attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior

- Attitudes favorable to drug use

- Illegal gun ownership

- Early or precocious sexual activity, especially

among females

- Alcohol and drug use

- Drug trafficking

- Desire for group rewards such as status, identity,

self-esteem, companionship, and protection

- Problem behaviors, hyperactivity, externalizing

behaviors, drinking, lack of refusal skills

- Victimization